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Published: Mar, 2017 | Pages:
363 | Publisher: SNS Research
Industry: ICT | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)
Despite the lack of sufficient LTE coverage in parts of the world, mobile operators and vendors have already embarked on R&D initiatives to develop 5G, the next evolution in mobile networks. 5G is expected to provide a single network environment to deliver not only existing mobile broadband and IoT services, but also new innovations such as self-driving cars, cloud robotics, 3D holographic telepresence and remote surgery with haptic feedback. In fact, many mobile operators are betting on 5G to diversify their revenue streams, as conventional voice and data service ARPUs decline globally. For example, South Korea's KT has established a dedicated business unit for holograms, which it envisions to be a key source of revenue for its future 5G network. At present, the 3GPP and other SDOs (Standards Development Organizations) are engaged in defining the first phase of 5G specifications. However, pre-standards 5G network rollouts are already underway, most notably in the United States and South Korea, as mobile operators rush to be the first to offer 5G services. SNS Research estimates that by the end of 2017, pre-standards 5G network investments are expected to account for over $250 Million. Although 2020 has conventionally been regarded as the headline date for 5G commercialization, the very first standardized deployments of the technology are expected to be commercialized as early as 2019 with the 3GPP's initial 5G specifications set to be implementation-ready by March 2018. Between 2019 and 2025, we expect the 5G network infrastructure market to aggressively grow a CAGR of nearly 70%, eventually accounting for $28 Billion in annual spending by the end of 2025. These infrastructure investments will be complemented by annual shipments of up to 520 Million 5G-capable devices. The “5G Wireless Ecosystem: 2017 - 2030 - Technologies, Applications, Verticals, Strategies & Forecasts” report presents an in-depth assessment of the emerging 5G ecosystem including key market drivers, challenges, enabling technologies, usage scenarios, vertical market applications, mobile operator deployment commitments, case studies, spectrum availability/allocation, standardization, research initiatives and vendor strategies. The report also presents forecasts for 5G investments and operator services. The report comes with an associated Excel datasheet suite covering quantitative data from all numeric forecasts presented in the report, as well as a 5G deployment tracking database covering over 60 global 5G trials, demos and commercial deployment commitments (as of Q1’2017). Topics Covered The report covers the following topics: - 5G NR (New Radio) and NextGen (Next Generation) system architecture - Market drivers and barriers to the adoption of 5G networks - 5G requirements, usage scenarios, vertical markets and applications - Key enabling technologies including air interface design, higher frequency radio access, advanced antenna systems, flexible duplex schemes, D2D (Device-to-Device) connectivity, dynamic spectrum access, self-backhauling and network slicing - Complementary concepts including NFV, SDN, hyperscale data centers, Cloud RAN, satellite communications and aerial networking platforms - Case studies and review of mobile operator 5G commitments - 5G standardization, development and research initiatives - Analysis of spectrum availability and allocation strategies for 5G networks - Competitive assessment of vendor strategies - Review of investments on R&D and pre-standards 5G networks - Standardized 5G infrastructure, user equipment and operator service forecasts till 2030 Forecast Segmentation Market forecasts are provided for each of the following submarkets and their subcategories: 5G R&D Investments - New Air Interface & Millimeter Wave Radio Access - MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Technologies - Spectrum Sharing, Aggregation & Interference Management - Virtualization & Cloud RAN - Network Slicing & Other Technologies Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments - Pre-Standards Base Stations - Pre-Standards User Equipment - Transport Networking & Other Investments Standardized 5G Infrastructure Investments - 5G NR (New Radio) • Distributed Macrocell Base Stations • Small Cells • RRHs (Remote Radio Heads) • C-RAN BBUs (Baseband Units) - NextGen (Next Generation) Core Network - Fronthaul & Backhaul Networking Standardized 5G User Equipment Investments - Handsets - Tablets - Embedded IoT Modules - USB Dongles - Routers 5G Operator Services - Subscriptions - Service Revenue Regional Segmentation - Asia Pacific - Eastern Europe - Latin & Central America - Middle East & Africa - North America - Western Europe Key Questions Answered The report provides answers to the following key questions: - How big is the opportunity for 5G network infrastructure, user equipment and operator services? - What trends, challenges and barriers will influence the development and adoption of 5G? - How will 5G drive the adoption of AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality) applications such as 3D holographic telepresence and 360 degree streaming of live events? - How have advanced antenna and chip technologies made it possible to utilize millimeter wave spectrum for mobile communications in 5G networks? - How can non-orthogonal multiple access schemes such as RSMA (Resource Spread Multiple Access) enable 5G networks to support higher connection densities for Millions of IoT devices? - What will be the number of 5G subscriptions in 2019 and at what rate will it grow? - Which regions and countries will be the first to adopt 5G? - Which frequency bands are most likely to be utilized by 5G networks? - Who are the key 5G vendors and what are their strategies? - Will 5G networks rely on a disaggregated RAN architecture? - How will 5G impact the fiber industry? - Will satellite communications and aerial networking platforms play a wider role in 5G networks? Key Findings The report has the following key findings: - The Unites States and South Korea are spearheading early investments in pre-standards 5G trial networks, as mobile operators rush to be the first to offer 5G networks. SNS Research estimates that by the end of 2017, pre-standards 5G network investments are expected to account for over $250 Million. - Following completion of the 3GPP's first phase of 5G specifications in March 2018, SNS Research expects that early adopters across the globe will simultaneously begin commercializing 5G services in 2019. - Between 2019 and 2025, we expect the 5G network infrastructure market to aggressively grow a CAGR of nearly 70%, eventually accounting for $28 Billion in annual spending by the end of 2025. - Although early 5G R&D investments have primarily targeted the radio access segment, network-slicing has recently emerged as necessary ""end-to-end"" capability to guarantee performance for different 5G applications which may have contrasting requirements. - In order to support diverse usage scenarios, 5G networks are expected to utilize a variety of frequency bands ranging from established sub-6 GHz cellular bands to millimeter wave spectrum. List of Companies Mentioned • 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) • 5G Americas • 5G Forum, South Korea • 5G PPP (5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership) • 5G TSA (5G Open Trial Specification Alliance) • 5GAA (5G Automotive Association) • 5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communications Promotion Forum, Japan) • 5GRUS • 5GTF (5G Technical Forum) • 5GTR (Turkish 5G Forum) • Alcatel-Lucent • Alpental Technologies • Alphabet • América Móvil • Anatel (Agencia Nacional de Telecomunicacoes) • Arcep • Argela • ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) • Arqiva • Ascenta • AT&T • AT&T Mexico • Athena Wireless Communications • ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions) • Avanti Communications • AVC Networks Company • Batelco • Bell Canada • BMW Group • Broadband Forum • BT Group • C Spire • CableLabs • CAICT (China Academy of Information and Communications Technology) • CCSA (China Communications Standards Association) • CEA (French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission) • CEA Tech • CEA-Leti • CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) • China Mobile • China Telecom • China Unicom • Chunghwa Telecom • Cisco Systems • CITEL (Inter-American Telecommunication Commission) • Claro Brasil • CMHK (China Mobile Hong Kong) • CMRI (China Mobile Research Institute) • CNIT (Italian National Consortium for Telecommunications) • Cobham Wireless • Cohere Technologies • ComReg (Commission For Communications Regulation, Ireland) • CpqD (Center for Research and Development in Telecommunications, Brazil) • CTTC (Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya) • Datang Mobile • Datang Telecom Group • Dish Network • DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance) • DT (Deutsche Telekom) • Du (Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company) • EE • Elisa • EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne) • Ericsson • Etisalat • ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research) • ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) • EURECOM • Eutelsat • Facebook • FET (Far EasTone Telecommunications) • FiberTower Corporation • FICORA (Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority) • Fraunhofer FOKUS • Fraunhofer HHI • Fraunhofer IIS • Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft • Fujitsu • FuTURE Mobile Communication Forum, China • GISFI (Global ICT Standardization Forum for India) • Globe Telecom • Google • GSA (Global mobile Suppliers Association) • GSMA • GTI • Hiroshima University • HPE • Huawei • Hughes Network Systems • i5GF (Indonesia 5G Forum) • ICASA (Independent Communications Authority of South Africa) • ICTA (Information and Communication Technologies Authority, Turkey) • IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) • IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) • IFT (Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones) • IIC (Industrial Internet Consortium) • IMDA (Info-communications Media Development Authority of Singapore) • IMDEA Networks Institute • IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group, China • Inatel (National Institute of Telecommunications, Brazil) • Industry Canada • Inmarsat • Intel Corporation • InterDigital • Istanbul University • ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) • ITU (International Telecommunication Union) • JRC (Japan Radio Company) • Juniper Networks • KCL (King's College London) • KDDI Corporation • Keysight Technologies • KPN • KT Corporation • KUKA • Kumu Networks • LG Electronics • LG Uplus • Ligado Networks • Linux Foundation • M1 • MACOM Technology Solutions • Malaysia 5G Committee • MCMC (Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission) • MCTIC (Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications of Brazil) • MediaTek • MegaFon • METU (Middle East Technical University) • MIC (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan) • Microsoft Corporation • MIIT (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, China) • Mitsubishi Electric • Mobily • MOEA (Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan) • Moogsoft • MOST (Ministry of Science & Technology, China) • MOST (Ministry of Science & Technology, Taiwan) • MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, South Korea) • MTS (Mobile TeleSystems) • MTSFB (Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd) • Murata Manufacturing • NBTC (National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission, Thailand) • NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission, China) • NEC Corporation • Net4Mobility • NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance • NI (National Instruments) • NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan) • Nokia • Nokia Networks • NTT Communications • NTT DoCoMo • NYU (New York University) • O3b • OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation • OFCA (Office of the Communications Authority, Hong Kong) • Ofcom • OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) • ON.Lab (Open Networking Lab) • ONF (Open Networking Foundation) • Ooredoo • Optus • Orange • Panasonic Avionics Corporation • Panasonic Corporation • PLTD • Proximus • PTS (Swedish Post and Telecom Authority) • pureLiFi • Qorvo • Qualcomm • RF DSP • RF360 Holdings • Rogers Communications • Rohde & Schwarz • Roskomnadzor • Rutgers University • Samsung Electronics • Samsung Group • SES • SiBEAM • SIMalliance • SingTel • SK Telecom • Small Cell Forum • Smart Communications • SmarTone • SoftBank Group • Sonera • Sony Corporation • SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation) • Sprint Corporation • StarHub • STC (Saudi Telecom Company) • Stromnetz Berlin • Swisscom • TAICS (Taiwan Association of Information and Communication Standards) • Taiwan Mobile • Taiwan Star Telecom Corporation • TCG (Trusted Computing Group) • TDK Corporation • Tele2 • Telecom Italia Group • Telefónica • Telenor • Telia Company • Telstra • Telus • Thales Group • TI (Texas Instruments) • TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) • TIM (Telecom Italia Mobile) • Time Warner • Titan Aerospace • TM Forum • T-Mobile USA • Tokyo Institute of Technology • TRA (Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, UAE) • TSDSI (Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India) • TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea) • TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee, Japan) • TU Dresden • Turkcell • U.S. Cellular • U.S. Department of Commerce • U.S. Department of Defense • U.S. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) • U.S. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) • U.S. NSF (National Science Foundation) • UN (United Nations) • University of California San Diego • University of Edinburgh • University of Kaiserslautern • University of Oulu • University of Southern California • University of Surrey • UT Austin (University of Texas at Austin) • UTS (University of Technology Sydney) • Verizon Communications • VimpelCom • Vodafone Australia • Vodafone Germany • Vodafone Group • Vodafone Hutchison Australia • Vodafone Qatar • Vodafone Turkey • VTT Technical Research Center • W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) • WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance) • Wi-Fi Alliance • WinnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum) • WWRF (World Wireless Research Forum) • Xilinx • XO Communications • xRAN Consortium • Yonsei University • Zain Group • ZTE
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 24 1.1 Executive Summary 24 1.2 Topics Covered 26 1.3 Forecast Segmentation 27 1.4 Key Questions Answered 29 1.5 Key Findings 30 1.6 Methodology 31 1.7 Target Audience 32 1.8 Companies & Organizations Mentioned 33 Chapter 2: The Evolving 5G Ecosystem 38 2.1 What is 5G? 38 2.2 High-Level Architecture of 5G Networks 38 2.2.1 5G NR (New Radio) Access Network 38 2.2.2 NextGen (Next Generation) Core Network 40 2.3 5G Performance Requirements 40 2.3.1 Data Volume 41 2.3.2 Data Rate 41 2.3.3 Bandwidth 41 2.3.4 Spectral Efficiency 42 2.3.5 Response Time & Latency 42 2.3.6 Connection Density 43 2.3.7 Reliability 43 2.3.8 Mobility 43 2.3.9 Availability & Coverage 44 2.3.10 Energy Efficiency 44 2.4 5G Market Drivers 44 2.4.1 Why the Need for a 5G Standard? 44 2.4.2 Improving Spectrum Utilization 45 2.4.3 Advances in Key Enabling Technologies 45 2.4.4 Gigabit Wireless Connectivity: Supporting Future Services 46 2.4.5 Extreme Device Densities with the IoT (Internet of Things) 46 2.4.6 Moving Towards a Flatter Network Architecture 46 2.4.7 Role of Vertical Sectors & the 4th Industrial Revolution 47 2.5 Challenges & Inhibitors to 5G 47 2.5.1 Standardization Challenges: Too Many Stakeholders 47 2.5.2 Spectrum Regulation & Complexities 48 2.5.3 Massive MIMO, Beamforming & Antenna Technology Issues 48 2.5.4 Higher Frequencies Mean New Infrastructure 48 2.5.5 Complex Performance Requirements 49 2.5.6 Energy Efficiency & Technology Scaling 49 Chapter 3: 5G Usage Scenarios, Applications & Vertical Markets 50 3.1 Usage Scenarios 50 3.1.1 eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) 50 3.1.2 URLCC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications) 51 3.1.3 mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communications) 51 3.2 Key Applications & Vertical Markets 52 3.2.1 Consumer & Multi-Sector Applications 52 3.2.1.1 FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) 52 3.2.1.2 TV & Media Delivery 54 3.2.1.3 3D Imaging & Holograms 55 3.2.1.4 Virtual Presence 55 3.2.1.5 AR (Augmented Reality) 56 3.2.1.6 VR (Augmented Reality) 57 3.2.1.7 Real-Time Gaming 57 3.2.1.8 Tactile Internet 58 3.2.1.9 Mobile Cloud Services 59 3.2.1.10 5G Enabled Robotics 59 3.2.1.11 Connected Drones 60 3.2.1.12 Smart & Connected Homes 60 3.2.1.13 Connectivity for Smart Wearables 61 3.2.1.14 Conventional Mobile Broadband & Other Applications 61 3.2.2 Healthcare 62 3.2.2.1 Telemedicine 62 3.2.2.2 Bio-Connectivity: Enabling Telecare 63 3.2.2.3 Remote Surgery & Other Applications 63 3.2.3 Automotive & Transportation 64 3.2.3.1 Connected Cars: Infotainment, Navigation & Other Services 64 3.2.3.2 C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) Communications 65 3.2.3.3 Autonomous Driving 66 3.2.3.4 Intelligent Transportation 67 3.2.3.5 Connectivity for High-Speed Railway, Aerial & Maritime Environments 67 3.2.4 Public Safety & Critical Communications 68 3.2.4.1 MCPTT (Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk) 68 3.2.4.2 Off-Network Secure Communications 68 3.2.4.3 Situational Awareness 69 3.2.4.4 Disaster Relief & Other Applications 69 3.2.5 Industrial Automation 70 3.2.5.1 5G Enabled Smart Factories 70 3.2.5.2 Machine Vision 70 3.2.5.3 Extending the Factory Floor To the Cloud 71 3.2.5.4 Real-Time Assistance & Other Applications 71 3.2.6 Other Vertical Sector Applications 72 3.2.6.1 Agriculture 72 3.2.6.2 Asset Management & Logistics 72 3.2.6.3 Construction 73 3.2.6.4 Education 73 3.2.6.5 Energy, Utilities & Smart Grids 74 3.2.6.6 Fitness & Sports 74 3.2.6.7 Retail, Advertising & Vending 75 3.2.6.8 Smart Cities & Other Sectors 75 Chapter 4: Enabling Technologies for 5G 77 4.1 Key Technologies & Concepts 77 4.1.1 Flexible Air Interface Design 77 4.1.1.1 Frame Structure 77 4.1.1.2 Multiple Numerologies 78 4.1.1.3 Other Aspects 79 4.1.2 5G Waveform Candidates 79 4.1.2.1 CP-OFDM (OFDM with Cyclic Prefix) 79 4.1.2.2 CP-OFDM with WOLA (Weighted Overlap and Add) 80 4.1.2.3 FCP-OFDM (Flexible CP-OFDM) 80 4.1.2.4 F-OFDM (Filtered OFDM) 80 4.1.2.5 BF-OFDM (Block Filtered OFDM) 81 4.1.2.6 FBMC (Filter Bank Multi-Carrier)/FB-OFDM (Filter Bank OFDM) 81 4.1.2.7 UFMC (Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier)/UF-OFDM (Universal Filtered OFDM) 82 4.1.2.8 GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing) 82 4.1.2.9 SC-FDM (Single Carrier FDM)/DFT-S OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform-Spread OFDM) 82 4.1.2.10 Zero-Tail SC-FDM/DFT-S OFDM 83 4.1.2.11 SC-FDE (Single-Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization) 83 4.1.2.12 Other Options 83 4.1.3 Modulation Schemes 84 4.1.3.1 Initial Baseline for 5G NR 84 4.1.3.2 Going Beyond 256-QAM: Higher Order Modulations 85 4.1.3.3 Other Advanced Modulation Schemes 85 4.1.4 Multiple Access Schemes 87 4.1.4.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) 87 4.1.4.2 SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) 87 4.1.4.3 SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) 87 4.1.4.4 Power Domain NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) 88 4.1.4.5 Code Domain Techniques 88 4.1.4.5.1 MUSA (Multi-User Shared Access) 88 4.1.4.5.2 RSMA (Resource Spread Multiple Access) 89 4.1.4.5.3 LSSA (Low Code Rate and Signature Based Shared Access) 89 4.1.4.5.4 NOCA (Non-Orthogonal Coded Access) 90 4.1.4.5.5 NCMA (Non-Orthogonal Coded Multiple Access) 90 4.1.4.5.6 GOCA (Group Orthogonal Coded Access) 91 4.1.4.6 Hybrid-Domain & Interleaver-Based Techniques 91 4.1.4.6.1 SCMA (Spare Code Multiple Access) 91 4.1.4.6.2 PDMA (Pattern Division Multiple Access) 91 4.1.4.6.3 IDMA (Interleaver Division Multiple Access) 92 4.1.4.6.4 IGMA (Interleave-Grid Multiple Access) 92 4.1.4.6.5 RDMA (Repetition Division Multiple Access) 92 4.1.4.7 Other Methods 93 4.1.5 Channel Coding Schemes 94 4.1.5.1 LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) Coding 94 4.1.5.2 Polar Coding 94 4.1.6 Duplex Schemes 95 4.1.6.1 Dynamic TDD for Higher Frequencies 95 4.1.6.2 FDD and FDP (Flexible Duplexing on Paired Spectrum) 95 4.1.6.3 Full Duplex 96 4.1.7 Centimeter & Millimeter Wave Radio Access 97 4.1.8 Advanced Antenna Technologies 98 4.1.8.1 Massive MIMO & MU-MIMO 98 4.1.8.2 Phased Array Antennas 99 4.1.8.3 Beamforming & Beam Tracking 100 4.1.9 D2D (Device-to-Device) Connectivity & Communication 101 4.1.10 Self-Backhauling & Mesh Networking 102 4.1.11 Spectrum Sharing & Aggregation 103 4.1.11.1 Complex Carrier Aggregation Schemes 103 4.1.11.2 LSA (Licensed Shared Access): Two-Tiered Sharing 103 4.1.11.3 SAS (Spectrum Access System): Three-Tiered Sharing 104 4.1.11.4 LAA (License Assisted Access): Licensed & Unlicensed Spectrum Aggregation 106 4.1.11.5 New Mechanisms for 60 GHz Unlicensed Spectrum Sharing 107 4.1.11.6 MulteFire 107 4.1.11.7 Cognitive Radio & Spectrum Sensing 108 4.1.12 Multi-Site & Multi-RAN Connectivity 108 4.1.12.1 Dual-Connectivity with LTE 108 4.1.12.2 Interoperability with Wi-Fi & Other Networks 108 4.1.12.3 Multi-Site Connectivity & User Centric Cell Access 108 4.1.13 Control and User Plane Separation 109 4.1.14 Network Slicing 110 4.1.14.1 RAN Slicing 111 4.1.14.2 Core Network Slicing 111 4.1.14.3 End-to-End Network Slicing 112 4.1.15 Service Based Architecture 113 4.1.16 Network Security & Privacy Enhancements 114 4.2 Complementary Technologies 115 4.2.1 NFV & SDN 115 4.2.2 Cloud Computing & Hyperscale Data Centers 117 4.2.3 DevOps & Other IT Concepts 117 4.2.4 Big Data & Analytics 118 4.2.5 UDNs (Ultra Dense Networks) & HetNets 118 4.2.6 RAN Centralization & Functional Splitting 119 4.2.6.1 C-RAN (Centralized RAN) 119 4.2.6.2 RAN Functional Split Options 121 4.2.7 Cloud RAN 123 4.2.8 MEC (Multi-Access Edge Computing) 124 4.2.9 Wireline Fiber Infrastructure 125 4.2.9.1 Impact of 5G Rollouts on the Fiber Industry 125 4.2.9.2 Delivering Tbps Data Rates 125 4.2.9.3 Current Investment Trends 125 4.2.9.4 Role of Other Wireline Technologies 126 4.2.10 VLC (Visible Light Communication) & Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) 126 4.2.11 Satellites, Drones & Balloons 127 4.2.11.1 Satellite Integration for 5G Access & Transport Networking 127 4.2.11.2 Low-Earth Orbit Satellites for Gigabit Speeds: Existing Investments 128 4.2.11.3 Drones & Balloons for Coverage Extension 128 4.2.11.4 Interest from Mobile Operators 129 Chapter 5: 5G Investments & Future Forecast 130 5.1 How Much is Being Invested in 5G R&D? 130 5.2 R&D Investments by Technology 131 5.2.1 New Air Interface & Millimeter Wave Radio Access 132 5.2.2 MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Technologies 133 5.2.3 Spectrum Sharing, Aggregation & Interference Management 134 5.2.4 Virtualization & Cloud RAN 135 5.2.5 Network Slicing & Other Technologies 136 5.3 Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments 137 5.3.1 Segmentation by Submarket 138 5.3.2 Base Stations 139 5.3.3 User Equipment 140 5.3.4 Transport Networking & Other Investments 141 5.4 Global Outlook for Standardized 5G Infrastructure 142 5.4.1 Segmentation by Submarket 143 5.4.2 5G NR 143 5.4.2.1 Distributed Macrocell Base Stations 144 5.4.2.2 Small Cells 145 5.4.2.3 RRHs (Remote Radio Heads) 146 5.4.2.4 C-RAN BBUs (Baseband Units) 147 5.4.3 NextGen Core Network 148 5.4.4 Fronthaul & Backhaul Networking 149 5.4.5 Segmentation by Region 149 5.5 Global Outlook for Standardized 5G User Equipment 150 5.5.1 Segmentation by Form Factor 151 5.5.2 Handsets 152 5.5.3 Tablets 153 5.5.4 Embedded IoT Modules 154 5.5.5 USB Dongles 155 5.5.6 Routers 156 5.5.7 Segmentation by Region 157 5.6 Global Outlook for 5G Operator Services 158 5.6.1 Subscriptions 158 5.6.2 Service Revenue 158 5.6.3 Regional Segmentation 159 5.7 Asia Pacific 160 5.7.1 Infrastructure 160 5.7.2 User Equipment 160 5.7.3 Subscriptions 161 5.7.4 Service Revenue 162 5.8 Eastern Europe 163 5.8.1 Infrastructure 163 5.8.2 User Equipment 163 5.8.3 Subscriptions 164 5.8.4 Service Revenue 165 5.9 Latin & Central America 166 5.9.1 Infrastructure 166 5.9.2 User Equipment 166 5.9.3 Subscriptions 167 5.9.4 Service Revenue 168 5.10 Middle East & Africa 169 5.10.1 Infrastructure 169 5.10.2 User Equipment 169 5.10.3 Subscriptions 170 5.10.4 Service Revenue 171 5.11 North America 172 5.11.1 Infrastructure 172 5.11.2 User Equipment 172 5.11.3 Subscriptions 173 5.11.4 Service Revenue 174 5.12 Western Europe 175 5.12.1 Infrastructure 175 5.12.2 User Equipment 175 5.12.3 Subscriptions 176 5.12.4 Service Revenue 177 Chapter 6: Mobile Operator Case Studies & Commitments 178 6.1.1 Mobile Operator Case Studies 178 6.1.1.1 AT&T 178 6.1.1.2 BT Group 182 6.1.1.3 China Mobile 184 6.1.1.4 DT (Deutsche Telekom) 187 6.1.1.5 KT Corporation 191 6.1.1.6 NTT DoCoMo 195 6.1.1.7 SK Telecom 199 6.1.1.8 Telefónica 204 6.1.1.9 Verizon Communications 207 6.1.1.10 Vodafone Group 210 6.2 Review of Mobile Operator 5G Commitments 213 6.2.1 Asia Pacific 213 6.2.1.1 Australia 213 6.2.1.2 China 214 6.2.1.3 Hong Kong 215 6.2.1.4 India 215 6.2.1.5 Japan 215 6.2.1.6 Philippines 217 6.2.1.7 Singapore 217 6.2.1.8 South Korea 218 6.2.1.9 Taiwan 219 6.2.1.10 Thailand 221 6.2.2 Europe 222 6.2.2.1 Belgium 222 6.2.2.2 Finland 222 6.2.2.3 France 222 6.2.2.4 Germany 223 6.2.2.5 Italy 223 6.2.2.6 Netherlands 224 6.2.2.7 Russia 224 6.2.2.8 Sweden 225 6.2.2.9 Switzerland 225 6.2.2.10 Turkey 226 6.2.2.11 United Kingdom 226 6.2.2.12 Other Countries 227 6.2.3 Latin & Central America 228 6.2.3.1 Brazil 228 6.2.3.2 Mexico 229 6.2.4 Middle East & Africa 230 6.2.4.1 Bahrain 230 6.2.4.2 Kuwait 230 6.2.4.3 Other Countries 230 6.2.4.4 Qatar 231 6.2.4.5 Saudi Arabia 231 6.2.4.6 UAE 231 6.2.5 North America 233 6.2.5.1 Canada 233 6.2.5.2 United States 233 Chapter 7: Spectrum for 5G Networks 237 7.1 Potential Frequency Bands for 5G 237 7.1.1 Sub-1 GHz Bands 238 7.1.2 1-6 GHz Bands 239 7.1.2.1 3.4 GHz 239 7.1.2.2 3.5 GHz 239 7.1.2.3 4.5 GHz 239 7.1.2.4 5 GHz 240 7.1.3 Bands Above 6 GHz 240 7.1.3.1 15 GHz 240 7.1.3.2 24-30 GHz 240 7.1.3.3 30-60 GHz 241 7.1.3.4 E-Band (60-90 GHz) 241 7.1.3.5 Higher Bands 241 7.2 Status of 5G Spectrum Allocation 242 7.3 Asia Pacific 242 7.3.1 Australia 242 7.3.2 China 242 7.3.3 Japan 243 7.3.4 Singapore 243 7.3.5 South Korea 244 7.3.6 Taiwan 244 7.3.7 Other Countries 244 7.4 Europe 245 7.4.1 European Commission & CEPT Recommendations 245 7.4.2 National Initiatives 246 7.5 Latin & Central America 247 7.5.1 CITEL Recommendations 247 7.5.2 National Initiatives 248 7.6 Middle East & Africa 248 7.6.1 GCC Countries 248 7.6.2 Africa & Other Countries 249 7.7 North America 249 7.7.1 Canada 249 7.7.2 United States 249 Chapter 8: 5G Standardization, Development & Research Initiatives 251 8.1 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) 251 8.1.1 Phased Standardization Approach 251 8.1.1.1 Phase 1: Release 15 252 8.1.1.2 Phase 2: Release 16 253 8.1.1.3 Enhancements to Address 5G Objectives in Earlier Releases 253 8.1.2 Key Aspects of 5G Standardization 253 8.1.2.1 5G NR Access Network 253 8.1.2.2 Support for Other Access Networks 254 8.1.2.3 NextGen System Architecture 254 8.1.2.4 Deployment Modes: Non-Standalone vs. Standalone Operation 256 8.2 5G Americas 258 8.2.1 5G Advocacy Efforts 258 8.3 5GAA (5G Automotive Association) 259 8.3.1 Advocacy for 5G & Cellular V2X Technology 259 8.3.2 Other Alliances in the Automotive Sector 259 8.4 Broadband Forum 260 8.4.1 Broadband 20/20 Vision: Convergence of 5G Mobile & Fixed Networks 260 8.5 CableLabs 260 8.5.1 Research on High Capacity Millimeter Wave Small Cells 260 8.5.2 Other Work Relevant to 5G 261 8.6 DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Alliance) 261 8.6.1 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing for 5G 261 8.7 ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) 262 8.7.1 ISGs (Industry Specification Groups) for 5G Enabling Technologies 262 8.7.1.1 mWT ISG (Millimeter Wave Transmission ISG) 262 8.7.1.2 ISG NFV (ISG for Network Functions Virtualization) 262 8.7.1.3 OSG OSM (Open Source Group for Open Source MANO) 263 8.7.1.4 ISG MEC (ISG for Multi Access Edge Computing) 263 8.7.1.5 ISG NGP (ISG for Next Generation Protocols) 263 8.7.1.6 ISG MBC (ISG for Mobile/Broadcast Convergence) 263 8.7.2 Other Work 263 8.8 GSMA 264 8.8.1 5G Program & Spectrum Policy 264 8.9 GTI 265 8.9.1 5G Innovation Program 265 8.10 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 266 8.10.1 IEEE Future Directions 5G Initiative 266 8.10.2 Contribution to 5G Standards Development 266 8.11 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 267 8.11.1 Contribution to 5G NextGen Core Standards 267 8.11.1.1 5Gangip (5G Aspects of Next Generation Internet Protocols) Special Group 267 8.11.1.2 Proposed NMLRG (Network Machine Learning Research Group) 268 8.11.1.3 Internet-Draft on Network Slicing 268 8.11.1.4 Other Work Relevant to 5G 268 8.12 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 269 8.12.1 IMT-2020 Family of Standards 269 8.12.2 WP 5D (Working Party 5D) 270 8.12.3 FG IMT-2020 (Focus Group on IMT-2020) 271 8.12.4 Spectrum Allocation 272 8.13 NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks) Alliance 273 8.13.1 5G Work Program 273 8.13.1.1 Ecosystem Building & Interaction 273 8.13.1.2 Guidance to SDOs & the Wider Industry 273 8.13.1.3 Evaluation of Test & PoC Results 274 8.13.2 New Work-Items 274 8.13.2.1 5G Trial & Testing Initiative 274 8.13.2.2 End-to-End Architecture 274 8.13.2.3 Vehicle-to-X 274 8.14 OCP (Open Compute Project) Foundation 275 8.14.1 Telco Project 275 8.15 ONF (Open Networking Foundation) & ON.Lab (Open Networking Lab) 276 8.15.1 CORD (Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter) 276 8.15.2 M-CORD (M-Central Office Re-Architected as a Datacenter) 277 8.16 SIMalliance 278 8.16.1 5GWG (5G Working Group): Recommendations for 5G Security 278 8.17 Small Cell Forum 280 8.17.1 Mapping 5G Requirements for Small Cells 280 8.18 TIP (Telecom Infra Project) 281 8.18.1 OpenCellular Access Platform 281 8.18.2 Open Optical Packet Transport 281 8.18.3 Mobile Core Simplification 282 8.19 TM Forum 282 8.19.1 5G Working Group 282 8.20 Wi-Fi Alliance 282 8.20.1 Positioning WiGig as a 5G Technology 283 8.20.2 Other Work Relevant to 5G 283 8.21 WBA (Wireless Broadband Alliance) 284 8.21.1 Advocacy Efforts for 5G Convergence with Wi-Fi 284 8.22 WinnForum (Wireless Innovation Forum) 284 8.22.1 Spectrum Sharing Specifications for LTE & 5G Networks 284 8.23 WWRF (World Wireless Research Forum) 285 8.23.1 New WGs (Working Groups) for 5G 285 8.23.1.1 WG High Frequency Technologies 285 8.23.1.2 WG 5G e/m-Health and Wearables 286 8.23.1.3 WG The Connected Car 286 8.23.1.4 WG End-to-End Network Slicing 287 8.24 xRAN Consortium 288 8.24.1 Standardization for Software-Based RAN 288 8.25 Other Collaborative & Standardization Organizations 289 8.26 European Initiatives 290 8.26.1 5G PPP (5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership) 290 8.26.1.1 5G IA (5G Infrastructure Association) 291 8.26.1.2 Key Working Groups 291 8.26.1.3 Major Research Projects 292 8.26.2 European Commission's 5G Roadmap 297 8.26.2.1 Phase 1: The Future of 5G Network Architecture 297 8.26.2.2 Phase 2: Demonstrations & Experiments 297 8.26.2.3 Phase 3: Integration of End-to-End 5G experimental network infrastructure 298 8.26.3 5G Manifesto 299 8.26.4 5G Action Plan 300 8.27 National Initiatives 301 8.27.1 United States 301 8.27.1.1 NSF (National Science Foundation) 301 8.27.1.2 NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 301 8.27.1.3 ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions) 302 8.27.1.4 TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) 302 8.27.2 South Korea 303 8.27.2.1 5G Forum 303 8.27.2.2 ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research) 303 8.27.2.3 TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association of Korea) 304 8.27.3 Japan 304 8.27.3.1 ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) 304 8.27.3.2 TTC (Telecommunication Technology Committee) 305 8.27.3.3 5GMF (Fifth Generation Mobile Communications Promotion Forum) 305 8.27.4 China 307 8.27.4.1 IMT-2020 5G Promotion Group 307 8.27.4.2 CCSA (China Communications Standards Association) 308 8.27.4.3 863 Research Program 308 8.27.4.4 FuTURE Mobile Communication Forum 309 8.27.5 Taiwan 309 8.27.5.1 ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) 309 8.27.5.2 TAICS (Taiwan Association of Information and Communication Standards) 309 8.27.6 Turkey 310 8.27.6.1 ICTA (Information and Communication Technologies Authority) 310 8.27.6.2 5GTR (Turkish 5G Forum) 310 8.27.7 Malaysia 310 8.27.7.1 MTSFB (Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd) 310 8.27.7.2 Malaysia 5G Committee 311 8.27.8 Indonesia 311 8.27.8.1 i5GF (Indonesia 5G Forum) 311 8.27.9 India 311 8.27.9.1 TSDSI (Telecommunications Standards Development Society India) 311 8.27.9.2 GISFI (Global ICT Standardization Forum for India) 311 8.27.10 Russia 312 8.27.10.1 5GRUS 312 8.28 Mobile Operator Led Initiatives & Innovation Labs 313 8.28.1 Pre-Standards Deployment Initiatives 313 8.28.1.1 5G TSA (5G Open Trial Specification Alliance) 313 8.28.1.2 5GTF (5G Technical Forum), Verizon Communications 313 8.28.1.3 5G-SIG (Special Interest Group), KT Corporation 313 8.28.1.4 5G-DF (5G Development Forum), KT Corporation 314 8.28.2 Innovation Labs 314 8.28.2.1 5G Innovation Center, China Mobile 314 8.28.2.2 5G:Haus, DT (Deutsche Telekom) 315 8.28.2.3 5TONIC, Telefónica 315 8.28.2.4 Others 316 8.29 Academic & Research Institute Initiatives 317 8.29.1 5G Lab Germany at TU Dresden 317 8.29.2 5G Playground, Fraunhofer FOKUS 317 8.29.3 5GIC (5G Innovation Center, University of Surrey) 319 8.29.4 5GTNF (5G Test Network Finland), University of Oulu 320 8.29.5 Hiroshima University 320 8.29.6 NYU WIRELESS (New York University) 321 8.29.7 OSA (OpenAirInterface Software Alliance), EURECOM 322 8.29.8 Tokyo Institute of Technology 323 8.29.9 UC Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley) 324 8.29.10 USC (University of Southern California) Viterbi School of Engineering 324 8.29.11 UT Austin (University of Texas at Austin) 325 8.29.12 WINLAB (Wireless Information Network Laboratory), Rutgers University 325 Chapter 9: Vendor Demonstrations, Commitments & Strategies 327 9.1 Argela 327 9.1.1 5G Strategy 327 9.1.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 327 9.2 Cisco Systems 328 9.2.1 5G Strategy 328 9.2.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 328 9.3 Cohere Technologies 329 9.3.1 5G Strategy 329 9.3.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 329 9.4 Ericsson 330 9.4.1 5G Strategy 330 9.4.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 330 9.5 Fujitsu 333 9.5.1 5G Strategy 333 9.5.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 333 9.6 Google 335 9.6.1 5G Strategy 335 9.6.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 335 9.7 Huawei 336 9.7.1 5G Strategy 336 9.7.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 336 9.8 Intel Corporation 339 9.8.1 5G Strategy 339 9.8.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 339 9.9 InterDigital 341 9.9.1 5G Strategy 341 9.9.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 341 9.10 Juniper Networks 342 9.10.1 5G Strategy 342 9.10.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 342 9.11 Keysight Technologies 343 9.11.1 5G Strategy 343 9.11.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 343 9.12 Kumu Networks 345 9.12.1 5G Strategy 345 9.12.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 345 9.13 LG Electronics 346 9.13.1 5G Strategy 346 9.13.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 346 9.14 Mitsubishi Electric 347 9.14.1 5G Strategy 347 9.14.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 347 9.15 NEC Corporation 348 9.15.1 5G Strategy 348 9.15.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 348 9.16 NI (National Instruments) 350 9.16.1 5G Strategy 350 9.16.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 350 9.17 Nokia Networks 351 9.17.1 5G Strategy 351 9.17.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 351 9.18 Panasonic Corporation 354 9.18.1 5G Strategy 354 9.18.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 354 9.19 Qorvo 355 9.19.1 5G Strategy 355 9.19.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 355 9.20 Qualcomm 356 9.20.1 5G Strategy 356 9.20.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 356 9.21 Rohde & Schwarz 358 9.21.1 5G Strategy 358 9.21.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 358 9.22 Samsung Electronics 359 9.22.1 5G Strategy 359 9.22.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 359 9.23 SiBEAM 361 9.23.1 5G Strategy 361 9.23.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 361 9.24 ZTE 362 9.24.1 5G Strategy 362 9.24.2 Demonstrations & Trial Commitments 362
List of Figures Figure 1: 5G Network Architecture & Interaction with Other Networks 39 Figure 2: 5G Performance Requirements 40 Figure 3: 5G FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) Deployment Alternatives 53 Figure 4: Convergence of 5G with Wireline Networks 53 Figure 5: 5G for TV & Media Delivery 54 Figure 6: Example Usage Scenarios for C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) 65 Figure 7: Example Channel Bandwidths for 5G Networks 78 Figure 8: Impact of Massive MIMO on Cell Coverage & Capacity 98 Figure 9: Sidelink Air Interface for ProSe (Proximity Services) 101 Figure 10: LSA (License Shared Access) Regulatory Architecture 104 Figure 11: Conceptual Architecture for End-to-End Network Slicing in Mobile Networks 110 Figure 12: Service Based Architecture for 5G 113 Figure 13: NFV Concept 115 Figure 14: Transition to UDNs (Ultra-Dense Networks) 119 Figure 15: C-RAN Architecture 120 Figure 16: RAN Functional Split Options 121 Figure 17: Performance Comparison of RAN Functional Split Options 122 Figure 18: Cloud RAN Concept 123 Figure 19: Global 5G R&D Investments: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 130 Figure 20: Global 5G R&D Investments by Technology: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 131 Figure 21: Global 5G R&D Investments on New Air Interface & Millimeter Wave Radio Access: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 132 Figure 22: Global 5G R&D Investments on MIMO, Beamforming & Advanced Antenna Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 133 Figure 23: Global 5G R&D Investments on Spectrum Sharing, Aggregation & Interference Management: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 134 Figure 24: Global 5G R&D Investments on Virtualization & Cloud RAN: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 135 Figure 25: Global 5G R&D Investments on Network Slicing & Other Technologies: 2016 - 2020 ($ Million) 136 Figure 26: Global Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million) 137 Figure 27: Global Pre-Standards 5G Network Investments by Submarket: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million) 138 Figure 28: Global Pre-Standards 5G Base Station Shipments: 2016 - 2018 (Units) 139 Figure 29: Global Pre-Standards 5G Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million) 139 Figure 30: Global Pre-Standards 5G User Equipment Shipments: 2016 - 2018 (Units) 140 Figure 31: Global Pre-Standards 5G User Equipment Shipment Revenue: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million) 140 Figure 32: Global Transport Networking & Other Investments for Pre-Standards 5G Networks: 2016 - 2018 ($ Million) 141 Figure 33: Global 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 142 Figure 34: Global 5G Infrastructure Investments by Submarket: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 143 Figure 35: Global 5G NR Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 143 Figure 36: Global 5G NR Investments by Submarket: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 144 Figure 37: Global 5G Distributed Macrocell Base Station Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 144 Figure 38: Global 5G Distributed Macrocell Base Station Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 145 Figure 39: Global 5G Small Cell Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 145 Figure 40: Global 5G Small Cell Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 146 Figure 41: Global 5G RRH Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 146 Figure 42: Global 5G RRH Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 147 Figure 43: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 147 Figure 44: Global 5G C-RAN BBU Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 148 Figure 45: Global NextGen Core Network Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 148 Figure 46: Global 5G Fronthaul & Backhaul Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 149 Figure 47: 5G Infrastructure Investments by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 149 Figure 48: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 150 Figure 49: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 150 Figure 50: Global 5G Device Unit Shipments by Form Factor: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 151 Figure 51: Global 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Form Factor: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 151 Figure 52: Global 5G Handset Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 152 Figure 53: Global 5G Handset Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 152 Figure 54: Global 5G Tablet Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 153 Figure 55: Global 5G Tablet Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 153 Figure 56: Global 5G Embedded IoT Module Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 154 Figure 57: Global 5G Embedded IoT Module Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 154 Figure 58: Global 5G USB Dongle Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 155 Figure 59: Global 5G USB Dongle Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 155 Figure 60: Global 5G Router Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 156 Figure 61: Global 5G Router Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 156 Figure 62: 5G Device Unit Shipments by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Millions of Units) 157 Figure 63: 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 157 Figure 64: Global 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 158 Figure 65: Global 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 158 Figure 66: 5G Subscriptions by Region: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 159 Figure 67: 5G Service Revenue by Region: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 159 Figure 68: Asia Pacific 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 160 Figure 69: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 160 Figure 70: Asia Pacific 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 161 Figure 71: Asia Pacific 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 161 Figure 72: Asia Pacific 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 162 Figure 73: Eastern Europe 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 163 Figure 74: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 163 Figure 75: Eastern Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 164 Figure 76: Eastern Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 164 Figure 77: Eastern Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 165 Figure 78: Latin & Central America 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 166 Figure 79: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 166 Figure 80: Latin & Central America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 167 Figure 81: Latin & Central America 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 167 Figure 82: Latin & Central America 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 168 Figure 83: Middle East & Africa 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 169 Figure 84: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 169 Figure 85: Middle East & Africa 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 170 Figure 86: Middle East & Africa 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 170 Figure 87: Middle East & Africa 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 171 Figure 88: North America 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 172 Figure 89: North America 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 172 Figure 90: North America 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 173 Figure 91: North America 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 173 Figure 92: North America 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 174 Figure 93: Western Europe 5G Infrastructure Investments: 2019 - 2030 ($ Million) 175 Figure 94: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipments: 2019 - 2030 (Thousands of Units) 175 Figure 95: Western Europe 5G Device Unit Shipment Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 176 Figure 96: Western Europe 5G Subscriptions: 2019 - 2030 (Millions) 176 Figure 97: Western Europe 5G Service Revenue: 2019 - 2030 ($ Billion) 177 Figure 98: Configuration and Key Performance Metrics for KT's Pre-Commercial 5G Network 191 Figure 99: NTT DoCoMo’s 5G Roadmap 196 Figure 100: SK Telecom’s Phased 5G Approach 200 Figure 101: SK Telecom's View on BBU-RRH Functional Split Options for 5G C-RAN 201 Figure 102: Key Characteristics of Verizon's 5G Specifications 209 Figure 103: Distribution of 5G Trials & Demos by Frequency Band: Q1'2017 (%) 237 Figure 104: 3GPP 5G Standardization Roadmap 252 Figure 105: High Level View for NextGen System Architecture 254 Figure 106: Key Features in Phase 1 of 3GPP's NextGen System Architecture 256 Figure 107: Non-Standalone Deployment Mode for 5G Networks 257 Figure 108: Standalone Deployment Mode for 5G Networks 257 Figure 109: Comparison of IMT-2020 and IMT-Advanced Performance Requirements 270 Figure 110: IMT-2020 Development Roadmap 271 Figure 111: M-CORD Focus Areas 277 Figure 112: Common Security Threats in 5G Networks 279 Figure 113: European Commission's 5G Networks & Service Vision 290 Figure 114: European Commission's 5G Roadmap 298 Figure 115: ARIB’s Vision of Radio Access Technologies for 5G 305 Figure 116: 5GMF's 5G Implementation Roadmap 306 Figure 117: IMT-2020 5G Promotion Group's 5G Implementation Roadmap 307
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