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Published: Apr, 2015 | Pages:
288 | Publisher: RESEARCH IMPACT TECHNOLOGIES
Industry: Biotechnology | Report Format: Electronic (PDF)
This market insight report on G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) covers the types of GPCR Families and the various ligands targeting GPCR. The GPCR families covered include Rhodopsin, Secretin, Metabotropic glutamate and Other. The Ligands targeting GPCRs include Peptides or Proteins, Biogenic Amines, Lipids and Other. The report provides market analysis of each of the Families and ligands targeting GPCRs by their respective categories. The study includes estimations and predictions for the total global GPCR - Drug targets market and also key regional markets that include North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World. Estimations and predictions (2005-2020) are illustrated graphically with 35 exhibits. Business profiles of 10 major companies engaged in developing GPCR targeted drugs, GPCR cell lines and GPCR Assays are discussed in the report. The report serves as a guide to global GPCR -Drug Targets industry, covering more than 100 companies that are engaged in the development of GPCR Targeted Drugs, GPCR Assays Information related to recent product releases, Assay developments, partnerships, collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions is also covered in the report. Compilation of Worldwide Patents and Research related to GPCR Drug Targets is also provided.
Table of Content 1. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY 2. REPORT SYNOPSIS 2.1 Introduction Agonist Antagonist GEFs (Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor) Receptor Regulation Receptor Desensitization Ras SuperFamily GPCR Products of GPCR and Profiling Services GPCRs as Drug Targets Cell Surface Receptor Expression of a High Order Functionally Oriented GPCR The Purpose of GPCR Profiling The Speeding Up of Successful Drug Discovery Secondary and Custom Assay Services Advantages History of GPCR Other Receptors G-Protein History of G-Proteins 2.2 Segmentation of GPCR – Drug Targets Exhibit 1. Segmentation of Global GPCR –Drug Targets Market by GPCR Families and by type of Ligands Targeting GPCRs GPCR Families Rhodopsin Secretin Glutamate Other GPCR Targeting Ligands Peptides or Proteins Biogenic Amines Lipids Other 2.3 GPCR – Drug Targets - Global Market Analysis Exhibit 2. GPCR – Drug Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 3. List of Major Global GPCR related Companies 3. MARKET DYNAMICS 3.1 Market Overview 3.2 Global GPCR - Drug Targets Market Exhibit 4. GPCRs- Drug Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 5. GPCRs- Drug Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.2 (I) North American GPCR - Drug Targets Market 3.2 (II) European GPCR - Drug Targets Market 3.2 (III) Japanese GPCR - Drug Targets Market 3.2 (IV) Asia-Pacific GPCR - Drug Targets Market 3.2 (V) Rest of World GPCR - Drug Targets Market 3.3 Product Trends Screening of GPCR Ligands and Drugs Regulating GPCRs Databases to Accelerate Drug Discovery Identifying Ligand More……………. 3.4 Company Profiles - Major Players in GPCR - Drug Target Market Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (USA) Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Switzerland) Addex Therapeutics (Switzerland) Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (USA) Cara Therapeutics, Inc. (USA) Dimerix Bioscience Ltd. (Australia) DiscoveRx Corporation (USA) Domain Therapeutics SA (France) EMD Millipore (USA) Euroscreen SA (Belgium) Exalpha Biologicals, Inc. (USA) GVK Biosciences Private Limited (India) H. Lundbeck A/S (Denmark) Heptares Therapeutics (UK) LifeSpan Biosciences, Inc. (USA) Molecular Deveices LLC (USA) Omeros Corporation (USA) PerkinElmer, Inc. (USA) Receptos, Inc. (USA) Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. (Japan) Trevana, Inc. (USA) 3.5 Major Activities in GPCR Drug Targets Market Heptares Expands Global Patent Protection for GPCR-Focused Drug Discovery Platform with the Grant of Core Patents in the US Euroscreen Successfully Completes Phase I Trial of ESN364 The UK Biomedical Catalyst Awards Grant to Heptares for Orphan Disease Program Euroscreen Collaborates with Merck Heptares Granted Project to Develop Oral First-in-class Selective GLP-1 Receptor Antagonist to Treat Severe Hypoglycemia More…. 3.6 Analysis by GPCR Families Exhibit 6. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Families - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) for Rhodopsin, Secretin, Glutamate and Other in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 7. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Families - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by GPCR Families for Rhodopsin, Secretin, Glutamate and Other (Graphical Representation Included) 3.6.1 Rhodopsin 3.6.1.1 Global Rhodopsin Market Exhibit 8. Rhodopsin - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 9. Rhodopsin - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.6.1.1 (I) North American Rhodopsin Market 3.6.1.1 (II) European Rhodopsin Market 3.6.1.1 (III) Japanese Rhodopsin Market 3.6.1.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Rhodopsin Market 3.6.1.1 (V) Rest of World Rhodopsin Market 3.6.2 Secretin 3.6.2.1 Global Secretin Market Exhibit 10. Secretin - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 11. Secretin - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.6.2.1 (I) North American Secretin Market 3.6.2.1 (II) European Secretin Market 3.6.2.1 (III) Japanese Secretin Market 3.6.2.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Secretin Market 3.6.2.1 (V) Rest of World Secretin Market 3.6.3 Glutamate 3.6.3.1 Global Glutamate Market Exhibit 12. Glutamate - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 13. Glutamate - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.6.3.1 (I) North American Glutamate Market 3.6.3.1 (II) European Glutamate Market 3.6.3.1 (III) Japanese Glutamate Market 3.6.3.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Glutamate Market 3.6.3.1 (V) Rest of World Glutamate Market 3.6.4 Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families 3.6.4.1 Global Market for Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families Exhibit 14. Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 15. Other GPCR – Drug Targets Families - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.7 Analysis Ligands Targeting GPCR 3.7.1 Peptides or Proteins Exhibit 16. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Targeting Ligands - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) for Peptides or Proteins, Biogenic Amines, Lipids and Other in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 17. GPCR - Drug Targets by GPCR Targeting Ligands - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) for Peptides or Proteins, Biogenic Amines, Lipids and Other (Graphical Representation Included) 3.7.1.1 Global Market for Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands Exhibit 18. Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 19. Peptides or Proteins as GPCR Ligands - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.7.1.1 (I) North American Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets 3.7.1.1 (II) European Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets 3.7.1.1 (III) Japanese Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets 3.7.1.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets 3.7.1.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Peptides or Proteins as Ligand Targets 3.7.2 Biogenic Amines 3.7.2.1 Global Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets Exhibit 20. Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 21. Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.7.2.1 (I) North American Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets 3.7.2.1 (II) European Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets 3.7.2.1 (III) Japanese Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets 3.7.2.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets 3.7.2.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Biogenic Amines as Ligand Targets 3.7.3 Lipids 3.7.3.1 Global Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets Exhibit 22. Lipids as Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 23. Lipids as Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.7.3.1 (I) North American Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets 3.7.3.1 (II) European Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets 3.7.3.1 (III) Japanese Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets 3.7.3.1 (IV) Asia-Pacific Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets 3.7.3.1 (V) Rest of World Market for Lipids as Ligand Targets 3.7.4 Other Ligand Targets 3.7.4.1 Global Market for Other Ligand Targets Exhibit 24. Other Ligand Targets - Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 -2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World in US$ Billion (Graphical Representation Included) Exhibit 25. Other Ligand Targets - Global Market Shares (2010, 2015 & 2020) by Geographic Region for United States, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World 3.8 GPCR – Drug Targets – Market Outlook 4. PRODUCT/TECHNOLOGY RESARCH 4.1 Introduction GPCR Tractability: Current Therapeutics GPCR History of GPCR Other Receptors Structure of GPCR Distribution Role G-Protein History of G-Proteins Structure Role Signal Transduction and Cell Response Discoveries Pertaining to Signal Transduction Mechanism of Signal Transduction Regulation of Signal Transduction Receptors of Signal Transduction Ligands Exhibit 26. Extracellular Ligands and the Receptor they Bind Exhibit 27. Intracellular Ligands and the Receptors they Bind Receptors Intracellular Receptors Cell Surface Receptors Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Integrins Toll-Like Receptors Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptors G-Proteins Second Messengers Diseases Associated with Signal Transduction Dimerization & Oligomerization of GPCR Dimerization of GPCR Ontogeny Regulation of Ligand Dimerization in Signal Transduction Internalization Physiological Characteristics Functional Dimerization of GPCRs Homo and Hetero Dimerization Function of GPCRs and Ligands Is Every GPCR a Dimer? Why GPCRs to be Dimers GPCRs Permanent Dimers GPCR Dimerization Oligomeric Complex Containing Two GPCRs Hypothesis II The Inclination of GPCRs to Form Heterodimers Altering of GPCR Dimers with Ligands Oligomerization Efficacy and Potency of a Ligand Differ for Monomeric and Oligomeric Receptors Applications of Dimerization and Oligomerization Dimerization Dimer Pharmacological Diversity Effect of GPCR Dimerization on Ligand Pharmacology or Function Effect of Dimerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Heterodimerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors G-Protein Coupled Receptor Oligomerization for Neuroendocrine Pathways Application of Computational Methods in Drug Designing Concept for G-Protein Activation by G-Protein Coupled Receptor Dimers G-Protein Coupled Receptor Heterodimerization Oligomerization Significance of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Oligomerization for Cell Signaling and G-Protein Activation Homo and Hetero-Oligomerization of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Application of Oligomer Interface Prediction Method in Class A, G-Protein Coupled Receptors Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Introduction G-Protein Subunit –Like Domain and Its Features Regulation of RGS Expression and Effects of Various Factors Sub Cellular Localization for Accomplishment of GAP Activity Phosphorylation and Palmitoylation in RGS proteins Protein and Lipid-Binding Partners Receptor Selectivity Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins in Natural Killer Cells and Modulation Regulator of G-Protein Signaling Proteins Applications Novel Multifunctional Drug Targets RGS Proteins as Drug Targets RGS Proteins Differentially Control Chondrocyte Differentiation Multi-Tasking Rgs Proteins in the Heart Regulation of GPCR Signaling By Scaffold Proteins RGS Proteins and the Cardiovascular System Human Heart Failure Functioning of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Mode of Action of G-Protein Coupled Receptors GPCR – G-Protein Coupling Receptor Structure Heterotrimeric G-Proteins Activation Cycle of G-Proteins by G-Protein Coupled Receptors Receptor Activation Molecular Switch Receptor Binding and Activation Activation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Basic Method of Action Pathway Description Agonist-Specific Coupling Agonists and Antagonists Specific Coupling Allosteric GPCR Agonists and Antagonists 4.2 G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinases Rhodopsin Kinase Serine/Threonine-Specific Protein Kinases Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases Histidine-Specific Protein Kinases Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase Beta Adrenergic Receptor Kinase-2 Classification of GPCR GPCR Classes Types of Rhodopsins Class B Secretin Like Stimulus Function Structure Class C Metabotropic Glutamate / Pheromone Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Classification of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Group I Group II & Group III Localization Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor The Form of Muscarinic Receptors Class E cAMP Receptors Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Functions cAMP Synthesis and Decomposition Protein Kinase Activation Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) Synthesis Effects Protein Kinase Activation Class F Frizzled/Smoothened Family Frizzled Smoothened The Structural Diversity of G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Their Role in Drug Discovery The Rhodopsin Receptor Family/Class A Recently De-orphanized Rhodopsin GPCRs Exhibit 28. Classification of Rhodopsine SubFamilies Based on Type of Ligand Targeting The Secretin Receptor Family – Class B Exhibit 29. Sub-Families of Secretin Family Receptors The Adhesion Receptor Family –Class B De-Orphanized Adhesion Receptors Orphan Adhesion Receptors The Glutamate Family – Class C Exhibit 30. Sub Families of Glutamate Family The Frizzled/Taste2 Receptor The Frizzled and Smoothened Receptors Taste 2 Receptors The Success of GPCRs GPCRs Applications GPCR Expression in the Heart Regulation of the Cardiovascular System GPCR Signals and Heterotrimeric G-Protein Activation GPCR for Classical and Nonclassical Agonists for Cardiac and Fibroblasts The Role of GPCRs in Cardiac Activities and Signal Transduction GPCRs-Polymorphic Nature New Drugs Orphan GPCR Applications Orphan Receptors GPR56 Bob/GPR15 GPR1 Adenine Receptor Neuropeptides GPR34, GPR44, & GPR45 Ligand-Independent Functions of GPCRs Chemokine Identification Identification of a Novel CC Chemokine Xcr1 Expression in Rheumatoid Joints Molecular Cloning and Chromosomal Localization of GPCR Sensing of Protons in G-Protein Coupled Receptors Ligand of the Human GPCR: Sphingosine 1-Phosphate GPCRs in Human Neuropeptides Characterization of Binding of Human Prolactin Releasing Peptide, A GPCR Regulation of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling and Trafficking Protease-Activated Receptors Where are PARS present? PAR Activation and G-Protein Signaling G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase (GRK) GPCR Array Technology in the Process of Drug Discovery Introduction GPCR Microarrays in Pharmaceutical Industry Other GPCR Receptors Adenosine Receptor: Its Omnipresent Nature GABA Receptor: Vital Neuro Transmitter GABAA GABAC Angiotensin Receptor: A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptors AT1 AT2 AT3 and AT4 Receptors Cannabinoid Receptor: A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Cannabinoid Receptor Subtypes CB1 CB2 Cholecystokinin Receptor and Its Subtypes Dopamine Receptor: A Metabotropic G-Protein Coupled Receptor D1-Like Family (Excitatory) D2-Like Family (Inhibitory) Somatostatin Receptor or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone Histamine Receptor with Histamine as Their Endogenous Ligand Olfactory Receptors: Class A Variety of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Structure of Olfactory Receptors Regeneration Calcium-Sensing Receptor and its Key Role in Parathyroid Gland Chemokine Receptor and Its Structure Opioid Receptors Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors Orphan Receptor Rhodopsin The Adrenergic Receptor and Its Applications Introduction Agonist-Binding Site of β2 –Adrenergic Receptors Binding Site for β2 –Adrenergic Receptors – Selective Agonists Binding to a Constitutively Active Receptor The Role of Different Amino Acids in the Binding of Agonists and Antagonists Adrenergic Receptors 325 Agonist-Specific Changes in Receptor Conformation Relationship Between the β2 –Adrenergic Receptor-Selective Binding Site and the Exosite of Salmeterol Agonist-Induced Specific Conformational Changes of Receptors Responses to Partial Agonists Desensitization and Partial Agonists Internalization, Lysosome Targeting and Desensitization Polymorphism of Human β2 -Adrenergic Receptors Polymorphism of β2 - Adrenergic Receptors and Agonist Actions Secretin Glutamate Other Physiological Roles of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Function of Molecule Binds to Receptors GPCRs Involved in Physiological Processes Opsin Functions Neurotransmitters Types of Neurotransmitters Effects Examples of Neurotransmitter Action Neurotransmitters Functioning Post-Synaptic Effect Specifications Neurotransmitters Specific Actions Targeted by Drugs Common Neurotransmitters Serotonin Serotonin’s Role in Central Nervous System Serotonin in the Body The Pathway for the Synthesis of Serotonin from Tryptophan Serotonin in Neurotransmission Pharmacology Receptors Psychedelic Modulation Therapeutic Modulation Modulating Levels Antidepressants Antiemetics Serotonin Syndrome Serotonin Syndrome’s Effect Bacteria, Yeast, Algae, Parasites Exhibit 31. GPCR Targeted Cancer Drugs Dopamine Functions in the Brain Movement Cognition and Frontal Cortex Regulating Prolactin Secretion Motivation and Pleasure Latent Inhibition and Creative Drive Links to Psychosis Dopamine Hypothesis of Psychosis Therapeutic Use Dopamine and Fruit Browning Dopamine Like Family D1-Like Family D2-Like Family (inhibitory) Role of Dopamine Receptors in the Central Nervous System Cardio-Pulmonary System Renal System Dopamine Receptors in Disease Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Recreational Drug Use and Abuse Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Genetic Hypertension Exhibit 32. GPCR Targeted CNS Drugs Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Functions Modulation of Other Receptors Role in Plasticity Role in Disease Synthesis Pharmacology In Metabolism As a Neurotransmitter Fast Excitatory Neurotransmitter The Mechanisms of Cell Death Include Glutamic Acid Implicated in Epileptic Seizures In Brain Nonsynaptic Glutamatergic Signaling Circuits GABA Precursor Pharmacology Response to GABA Basis of Pharmacological Properties Molecular Determinants Involved In the Allosteric Control of Agonist Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Types of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors The Form or Class of Muscarinic Receptors Categorization Strategies for Muscarinic Receptors M2 CHRM2 M3 CHRM3 Application of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Various Parts of the body Application/Role of Acetylcholine in Brain Acetylcholine and its Application as Postganglionic Neurons Acetylcholine as Neurotransmitter and its Use in Autonomic Nervous System Acetylcholine and its Role as Postganglionic Neurons in the Innervated tissue Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and its Presence in Central Nervous System Role in Regulation of Acetylcholine Release along the Presynaptic Membrane Exhibit 33. GPCR Targeted Cardiovascular Drugs Adenosine Adenosine Receptor a Part of the Endogenous Adenosine Group Histamine Histamine H3receptor: Auto Receptors in Presynaptic Histaminergic Neurons H3 Receptors in Central Nervous System Pharmacology H3 Receptors Agonists and Antagonists Formation of H3-receptor Agonists Varieties of H3-Receptor Antagonists Antihistamines - H3-Receptor Antagonists Antihistamine H1 Antihistamine its Role in Eliminating Effects Mediated by Histamine Antihistamine Pharmacology Clinical Applications of Antihistamines Indications Adverse Drug Reactions Caused by Antihistamines First-generation (Non-Selective and Classical) Antihistamines Different Classes of H1-Antihistamines Exhibit 34. GPCR Targeted Respiratory Drugs Ethylenediamines Diphenhydramin Tricyclics and Tetracyclics Second-Generation and Third-Generation (Selective and Non-Sedative) Antihistamine Drugs Role of Histamines in Neurophysiology Applications of Histamines Approved Unapproved /Off-Label/Investigational Applications Chlorpromazine A Phenothiazine Antipsychotic in Treatment of Schizophrenia Other Applications Off-label and Controversial Applications Chlorpromazine Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Central Effects Peripheral Effects Doxepin Doxepin: a Psychotropic Agent Doxepin Pharmacology Promethazine Cinnarizine Olfactory (Smell Sensing) Receptors Olfactory Epithelium Olfactory Receptors Olfactory Receptor Neuron Function Variety & Diversity Exhibit 35. Other GPCR Targeted Drugs Somatostatin Receptor Digestive System Brain Functions Substitutes for Somatostatin cAMP Receptors (cAMP) Synthesis of cAMP Kinase Activation Decomposition of Glycogen Role of cAMP in Bacteria cAMP Function in Slime Moulds cAMP Regulation in Human Carcinoma Role of cAMP in Prefrontal Cortex Disorders Activating the Receptors Preventing Skin Infections Production of AMP Estrogen Receptor Activation Receptor Activation in Breast Cancer Activation of Liver X Receptor Viral Repression of Fungal Pheromone Peptides or Proteins Biogenic Amines Lipids Other Ligand Receptor Regulation Desensitization of GPCR GRK GRK1 GRK2 and GRK3 GRK4 GRK5 GRK6 GRK7 Other kinases PKA PKC c-Src Arrestins Second Messengers GPCR Screening Introduction Effective GPCR Screening Using ERK Cellular Assay Assay Applications Orphan GPCR Screening Pathway A New Messenger for the GQ Pathway Technologies Used in GPCR Screening Protein Coupled Receptors and High Throughput Screening Cellular Expression of GPCRs High Throughput Ligand Binding Assays Measurement of GPCR Ligand Binding High Throughput Functional Assays In Reporter Gene Assays. Second Messenger Assays to Measure GPCR Function Protein Redistribution Assays Other GPCR Screening Assays Applications for GPCR Screening The Gq Pathway GPCRs Kinetics Ligand Channeling and Receptor Mixing High Throughput Screening for Development of Cellular Tools Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Assays GPCR Screening Using Ion Channel Targets High-Throughput Screening of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Using Technologies Secondary Screening of GPCRs G-Protein Coupled Receptor Motif Sequence Analysis Application of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Considered a Machine Learning Approach Various Steps in GPCR Activation GPCR Research GPCR omics GPCR Informatics Computational Methods Considered Mandatory for Detecting Additional and Potentially Novel Aminergic GPCRS Strengths and Weaknesses of the Present Protein Classification Tools Iterative Unbiased Profile Alignment of Sequences an Effective Method for Multiple Sequence Alignments Analysis of Correlated Mutations Bayesian Neural Networks with Correlating Residuals for Motif Analysis Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Minimizing Squared Error Addition of Neural Network Models to the Bayesian Inference Framework GPCR Assay Technologies Receptor/Ligand Binding Two Agonists Having Comparable Binding Affinity Receptor/ Protein Ligand Binding Assay Development and Data Analysis of Receptor-Ligand Binding Radioligand Binding Assays GTP Binding Assay for Gs-Protein Coupled Receptors Second Messenger Assays Protein Interaction Assay Protein Interactions Categories Stable Interactions Transient Interactions The Yeast Two-Hybrid System, The “Bait-Prey” Model Protein: Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis Techniques In vitro Protein: Nucleic Acid Interactions In vitro Techniques for Protein: Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis Protein Coupled Receptor Trafficking Membrane Trafficking of G-Protein Coupled Receptors Opioid Receptors Oligomerization with β2 -Adrenergic Receptors GPCR Signaling Promiscuity and Trafficking of Receptor Stimulus Reporter Gene Assays Common Reporter Genes Transformation and Transfection Assays Gene Expression Assays Bioimpedance Assays Applications of GPCR Assay Technologies Receptor Ligand Binding Assays Protein Interaction Protein –Protein Interaction Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) Far-Western Analysis Protein Arrays/Protein Chips Pull-Down Assays Phenomenon of Surface Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Technology Mass Spectroscopy X-ray Crystallography Protein Nucleic Acid Interaction Analysis Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Supershift Assay Protein: DNA Cross-Linking Method Bioimpedance Applications Evaluation by Bioimpedance Major Bioimpedance Applications Application of Bioimpedance Technique to Peritoneal Dialysis Monitoring the Neurological State of a Patient Gs-Coupled GPCR Reporter Assay Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer2 Assay Technology 4.3 GPCR – Drug Targets - Research Briefs 5. CORPORATE DIRECTORY 6. PATENTS INFORMATION
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